Types of Computer on the basis of Model

 

आजसम्म विभिन्न प्रकारका कम्प्युटरहरू म्भखभयिउ भएका छन्। आज कम्प्युटरहरूलाई तिनीहरूको क्षमता र प्रयोगको आधारमा वर्गीकृत गरिन्छ । जस्तै कार्य, साइज, ब्रान्ड र मोडेल अनुसार कम्प्युटरहरूलाई निम्न प्रकारका रूपमा वर्गीकृत गरिएको छ। 

1) On the basis of size             2) On the basis of  Work

3) On the basis of  Brand        4) On the basis of Model

1) XT computer

2) AT computer

3) PS/2 Computer

1) XT computer

The XT, or IBM Personal Computer XT, was a pivotal model in the history of personal computing, introduced by IBM in March 1983. XT stands for "eXtended Technology," distinguishing it from its predecessor, the original IBM PC. Here's an overview of the XT computer:

1. Form Factor:The IBM PC XT was housed in a compact, beige-colored case, resembling a small tower.
Its design featured a sturdy metal chassis, which contributed to its durability.

2. Specifications:Processor: The XT initially featured an Intel 8088 processor running at 4.77 MHz, offering improved performance over the original PC.
Memory: It typically came with 128 KB of RAM, expandable to 640 KB, providing increased memory capacity for running more complex software.
Storage: The XT introduced a built-in hard disk drive (HDD), a significant advancement from the original PC's reliance on floppy disks. The standard XT configuration included a 10 MB hard drive, although later models offered larger capacities.
Expansion Slots: The XT featured eight expansion slots, allowing users to add additional hardware such as expansion cards for graphics, networking, and storage.
Ports: It included ports for connecting peripherals such as printers, joysticks, and monitors. Common ports included RS-232 serial ports and parallel ports.

3. Operating System:The IBM PC XT typically shipped with PC-DOS (IBM's version of MS-DOS), providing users with a command-line interface to interact with the computer.
Users could also install alternative operating systems such as CP/M-86 or early versions of Microsoft Windows, although DOS remained the dominant choice for most XT users.

4. Impact and Legacy:The IBM PC XT was a commercial success, popularizing the use of personal computers in businesses and homes.
Its introduction of a built-in hard drive made it a preferred choice for businesses and professionals who required reliable storage and improved performance.
The XT's expandability and compatibility with a wide range of software and peripherals contributed to its longevity and widespread adoption.
Despite its technological advancements, the XT eventually became obsolete as newer, more powerful models entered the market, such as the IBM PC AT and subsequent generations of IBM-compatible PCs.

The IBM PC XT played a crucial role in shaping the landscape of personal computing, paving the way for the widespread adoption of computers in various industries and households. Its legacy lives on in the evolution of modern computing technology.

2) AT Computer

The IBM PC AT, commonly referred to as the IBM AT (Advanced Technology), was a significant milestone in the evolution of personal computing, introduced by IBM in 1984. Let's explore the key features and impact of the IBM AT computer:

1. Form Factor:

The IBM AT featured a larger and more advanced case design compared to its predecessor, the IBM PC XT. It typically came in a tower configuration, allowing for more internal expansion and better airflow for cooling.

2. Specifications:Processor: The most notable upgrade in the IBM AT was the introduction of the Intel 80286 processor, running at speeds of up to 6 MHz initially and later models reaching 8 MHz. This marked a significant performance improvement over the 8088 processor used in the PC XT.

Memory: The IBM AT supported significantly more memory than its predecessor, with initial configurations offering 256 KB or 512 KB of RAM, expandable to a maximum of 16 MB.

Storage: Like the XT, the AT featured a built-in hard disk drive (HDD), but with larger capacities. It commonly shipped with a 20 MB or 30 MB hard drive, offering ample storage space for the time.

Expansion Slots: The IBM AT introduced the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, featuring 16-bit expansion slots. This allowed for faster communication between the CPU and expansion cards, facilitating the use of more advanced peripherals and expansion options.

Graphics: The AT supported improved graphics capabilities, with support for higher resolutions and more colors compared to its predecessors.

3. Operating System:

• The IBM AT typically shipped with PC-DOS or MS-DOS, providing users with a command-line interface for interacting with the computer.
• It was also compatible with a wide range of software applications designed for DOS, further solidifying its position as a versatile business and productivity machine.4. Impact and Legacy:

• The IBM AT set new standards for performance, expandability, and compatibility in the personal computer market.
• Its introduction of the 80286 processor and expanded memory capabilities allowed for the development of more sophisticated software applications and multitasking capabilities.
• The AT's Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus became the de facto standard for expansion slots in IBM-compatible PCs for many years, ensuring compatibility with a vast array of peripherals and expansion cards.
• The IBM AT cemented IBM's dominance in the business computing market and established the IBM-compatible PC architecture as the standard for the industry.

Overall, the IBM PC AT represented a significant leap forward in personal computing technology, setting the stage for further advancements and the widespread adoption of PCs in business, education, and home environments. Its legacy continues to influence modern computing systems, with many of its design principles and standards still present in today's computers.

3) PS/2 computer

The IBM Personal System/2, commonly known as the PS/2, was a line of personal computers introduced by IBM in 1987 as a successor to the original IBM PC and PC XT models. The PS/2 series was a significant step forward in personal computing, introducing several innovative features and standards. Here's an overview of the PS/2 computer:

1. Form Factor:The PS/2 line featured a sleeker and more modern design compared to its predecessors, with a smaller and more compact form factor.
It was available in various configurations, including desktop, tower, and all-in-one designs, catering to different user needs and preferences.

2. Specifications:Processor: The PS/2 series introduced the Intel 80286 and later the Intel 80386 processors, offering significantly improved performance and multitasking capabilities compared to earlier models.
Memory: PS/2 computers typically supported larger amounts of RAM compared to previous IBM PC models, with capacities ranging from 1 MB to 16 MB or more, depending on the specific model and configuration.
Storage: Like its predecessors, the PS/2 series featured built-in hard disk drives (HDDs) for storage, with capacities ranging from tens to hundreds of megabytes. It also supported floppy disk drives for removable storage.
Expansion Slots: The PS/2 introduced the Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), a new proprietary expansion bus designed by IBM to replace the older ISA architecture. MCA offered higher performance and greater expandability compared to ISA, but it faced limited adoption outside of IBM's own systems.

3. Innovative Features:Keyboard and Mouse: The PS/2 line introduced the PS/2 keyboard and mouse connectors, which became a standard for PC peripherals for many years. These connectors offered improved reliability and allowed for hot-swapping of peripherals.
VGA Graphics: PS/2 computers often included VGA (Video Graphics Array) graphics adapters, providing support for higher resolutions and more colors compared to earlier standards like CGA and EGA.
System Management: Some PS/2 models featured built-in system management capabilities, such as Advanced Power Management (APM) and System Management Mode (SMM), which improved energy efficiency and system reliability.

4. Operating System:PS/2 computers typically shipped with IBM's OS/2 operating system, which was developed in partnership with Microsoft. OS/2 offered advanced features such as preemptive multitasking and a graphical user interface, but it faced limited success in the marketplace.
PS/2 computers were also compatible with MS-DOS and Windows, allowing users to run a wide range of software applications.

5. Legacy:While the PS/2 line represented a significant advancement in personal computing technology, its proprietary architecture and high prices limited its widespread adoption outside of certain business and enterprise markets.
The PS/2's introduction of standards like the PS/2 keyboard and mouse connectors and VGA graphics adapters had a lasting impact on the PC industry, shaping the design of future computers and peripherals.
Despite its relatively short lifespan, the PS/2 series played a key role in advancing the capabilities and standards of personal computers, paving the way for the modern PC era.